Impact of Fe(II) on 99Tc diffusion behavior in illite
A comprehensive understanding of the geochemical behavior of 99Tc is of great importance for safe disposal of radioactive waste and remediation of contaminated environmental sites. Illite is one of the most common constituents of clay rocks, and thus used in this work as a model system for studying the retention and transport of 99Tc in clay-rich systems. In this study, a through-diffusion technique was applied to investigate the diffusion behavior of Tc in compacted illite clay under oxic and anoxic conditions. Particular focus of this investigation was on the role of Fe(II) on the redox state and mobility of Tc in clay. As the diffusion cells contained stainless steel filters for confining the clay plug, 99Tc-diffusion in the filters was assessed first, followed by 99Tc diffusion in the illite column with or without Fe-loading. Two types of Fe(II) loadings in illite were considered, surface complexed Fe(II) on illite edge sites and Fe(II) added as pyrite grains. COMSOL Multiphysics was used to analyze the diffusion data. The measured filter porosity was about 0.2 and the effective diffusion coefficient, De, for Tc (as TcO4−) in the filter was 0.59 × 10−10 m2/s. Tc diffusion in illite under ambient conditions showed a typical anion diffusion behavior with De in the range 0.38-0.44 × 10−10 m2/s and the anion accessible porosity ε of approximately 0.2. In the presence of Fe(II), De for Tc migration in illite was one order of magnitude lower, showing that Fe(II) has a significant effect on the migration of 99Tc. Analysis of the Tc distribution in the system suggests that most Tc was retarded at the filters, especially the ones connected to the high concentration reservoir. The remaining Tc quantities were immobilized at sample boundaries next to the filters with higher concentrations observed in the domains close to the reservoirs. Almost no Tc was immobilized in the middle part of the sample, where the Fe(II) was preloaded. This observation contradicts the anticipation, because Tc was expected to be immobilized in the middle of the sample preloaded with Fe(II). A possible explanation is that a delocalized redox reaction may occur, which means that electrons from the oxidation of the preloaded Fe(II) in the central part of the cell are transferred to the filter via the walls of the steel diffusion cell. Tc reacts with the electrons in the filter at a relative slow rate, which results in most of the Tc retarded in the filter, while some small amounts of it may diffuse through the clay.
Citation: Chen, P., Churakov, S. V., Glaus, M., & Van Loon, L. R. (2023). Impact of Fe(II) on 99Tc diffusion behavior in illite. Applied Geochemistry, 156, 105759 (9 pp.).
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2023.105759 Further publications: Publications
Synthesis, characterization and solubility of sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (N-A-S-H) gel
Sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (N-A-S-H) gels with various Si/Al ratios are the dominant reaction products of geopolymer. However, their solubility products have not yet been fully determined, which hinders further investigation of thermodynamic modelling of geopolymer system. In this work, N-A-S-H gels with Si/Al ratios ranging from 1 to 3 were synthesized using the sol-gel method. The chemical composition of the synthesized N-A-S-H gels was determined by X-ray spectroscopy (XRF) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The gel structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Dissolution experiments were further performed using the synthesized N-A-S-H gels to determine their solubility products. After dissolution, the aqueous concentrations of Na, Al, and Si were quantified by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and the solution pH was measured. It has been shown that N-A-S-H gels with various Si/Al ratios differ in atomistic structures and solubility products. The thermodynamic properties of N-A-S-H gels can be determined from the experimentally derived solubility products at different temperature, which are expected to complement the thermodynamic database.
Citation: Chen, Y., Miranda de Lima, L., Li, Z., Ma, B., Lothenbach, B., Ying, S., … Ye, G. (2023). Synthesis, characterization and solubility of sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (N-A-S-H) gel. In Vol. 2. Further reduction of CO2-emission and circularity in the cement and concrete industry (pp. 294-297). ICCC Permanent Secretariat.
Publication: https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/psi/islandora/object/psi:54950 Further publications: Publications
Data-driven machine learning for disposal of high-level nuclear waste: A review
The application of the data-driven machine learning (DDML) for the disposal of the high-level nuclear waste (HLW) is of emerging interest in the recent years. This review aims to systematically elaborate, analyze, and summarize recent advances related to DDML in the area of disposal of the HLW. Firstly, a comprehensive work on the DDML for the disposal of the HLW is examined. Five DDML algorithms including the linear regression (LR), principle component analysis (PCA) and artificial neural network (ANN) are illustrated. Then, it summarizes the typical DDML algorithms and the main inputs/outputs for the deep geological repository (DGR). Furthermore, it is concluded that the hybrid DDML algorithms are efficient choices. Also, the DDML shows a great applicability for the simulation of the multiscale and multiphysics field. Lastly, the physical-informed DDML may enhance the performance of all algorithms.
Citation: Hu, G., & Pfingsten, W. (2023). Data-driven machine learning for disposal of high-level nuclear waste: a review. Annals of Nuclear Energy, 180, 109452 (10 pp.).
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anucene.2022.109452 Further publications: Publications
Machine learning-assisted heat transport modelling for full-scale emplacement experiment at Mont Terri underground laboratory
Machine learning (ML)-assisted modelling of deep geological repositories (DGR) is of emerging interest and can help to improve the safe and reliable operation of DGRs as well as the public acceptance. Here, a concept of ML-assisted physical-based 3D heat transport model for the Full-scale Emplacement (FE) experiment performed at Mont Terri Underground Laboratory (URL), is presented. The FE experiment is a 1:1 scale mock-up of a DGR tunnel where heaters simulate emplaced high level waste. ML is applied to sparse sensor data of the water saturation degree in the granulated bentonite material (GBM) yielding a physically and neural network (NN) based surrogate model for the thermal conductivity of the GBM, needed to calculate the temperature evolution in the FE tunnel near-field. In order to investigate the dominant parameters influencing the temperature evolution in the vicinity of the FE experiment, the results of 32 orthogonal test cases have been analysed systematically.
For the ML predicted water saturation degree, three NN methods are tested. The Elman NN (with a Pearson's r coefficient of 0.9911, a mean squared error (MSE) of 4.62, and mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.44) operates better than the back propagation (BP) and cascade BP (CBP) NN methods. Results of ML-assisted heat transport calculations are validated with the large experimental dataset of 137 × 10 temperature sensor data points (errors range within 7%). Parameters uncertainty ranges of ±10% for thermal conductivities of the GBM λGBM and bentonite block λblock are analysed and bands of temperature uncertainties are compared with temperature sensor data, which allows sensor data assessment including identification of the faulty sensor data. The ML-assisted physical modelling framework can be applied to future DGRs.
Citation: Hu, G., & Pfingsten, W. (2023). Machine learning-assisted heat transport modelling for full-scale emplacement experiment at Mont Terri underground laboratory. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 213, 124290 (22 pp.).
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2023.124290 Further publications: Publications
Relevance of diffuse-layer, Stern-layer and interlayers for diffusion in clays: A new model and its application to Na, Sr, and Cs data in bentonite
The diffusive flux of cations is enhanced and that of anions is decreased compared to that of water tracers in bentonite or other clays, as a result of electrostatic interactions between ions and the charged clay surfaces. Clays are often used or foreseen as barriers in waste disposal in order to protect the environment from hazardous materials. A consistent description of diffusion of various ions and uncharged species is important in this context, especially if long-term interactions between clays and other materials shall be predicted by reactive transport simulations. Here, diffusion of a suite of tracers (HTO, Cl, Na, Sr and Cs) in bentonite was investigated. Experimental through-diffusion data at different bentonite dry densities were described with models of increasing complexity. First, ‘standard’ empirical single ion transport models (uncoupled, simple Fickian diffusion) were applied for each density. These models served as reference cases for comparisons. For sorbing tracers (Na, Sr, Cs), surface diffusion models were used in a next step, where average surface mobilities for the cations were determined based on comparisons with transport parameters from HTO diffusion. Finally, a more complex model was developed in order to describe anion and cation diffusion in a coupled way. This model accounts for locally parallel diffusion in different environments, namely in ‘free’ water unaffected by surface charges, in diffuse (Donnan) layer water, within the Stern layer, and within interlayer water (D-S-I model). This coupled model requires additional parameters related to the bentonite microstructure as well as to cation mobilities in the Stern layer and in the interlayer. The latter were taken from literature. Microstructural parameters were constrained in a manner that overall anion exclusion matches anion accessible porosities found by the simple Fickian diffusion model. This was possible with a reasonable choice of microstructure parameters that are consistent with literature values. A good agreement between the experimental data and the simulated cation diffusion coefficients of the D-S-I model was found, using constraints by the HTO and Cl diffusion data. The interlayer pathway was found to be most important for diffusion of Na, Sr and Cs through bentonite. Stern layer diffusion was significant and more important than diffusion through the diffuse layer for Cs and Sr, while for Na the two pathways were of equal importance.
Citation: Krejci, P., Gimmi, T., Van Loon, L. R., & Glaus, M. (2023). Relevance of diffuse-layer, Stern-layer and interlayers for diffusion in clays: a new model and its application to Na, Sr, and Cs data in bentonite. Applied Clay Science, 244, 107086 (12 pp.).
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2023.107086 Further publications: Publications
Adsorption of Ba and 226Ra on illite: A comparative experimental and modelling study
Illite, smectite and illite/smectite mixed layers are major phases in various argillaceous rock formations foreseen as potential host rocks for the deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste and are important sorbents for cationic radionuclides potentially released in the repository. 226Ra is a critical radionuclide in the safety analysis and an important source of radioactivity in technically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials. A comprehensive study was carried out on the adsorption of Ba and Ra on purified homoionic Na-illite (Illite du Puy) over a wide range of experimental conditions (pH, concentration, ionic strength) allowing for the development of a quasi-mechanistic Ba/Ra adsorption model for illite. Ba adsorption isotherms obtained at fixed ionic strength and pH exhibit a non-linear behaviour in the Ba equilibrium concentration range between ∼10−7 and ∼10−2 M. The pH dependent adsorption of trace 226Ra and Ba was investigated at different ionic strengths and evidenced a more pronounced adsorption of 226Ra than Ba on illite. Finally, a competition experiment of trace 226Ra in the presence of increasing Ba concentrations showed an unexpected 226Ra adsorption behaviour which was not observed for montmorillonite in earlier studies. This large set of experimental data could be successfully modelled by Ba/226Ra exchange reactions against Na, together with selectivity coefficients, on two different site types, namely planar sites and high affinity sites. The modelling of the pH dependent adsorption of Ba and 226Ra at high ionic strength and high pH required an additional surface complexation reaction. Two additional exchange sites had to be introduced to quantitatively describe the 226Ra uptake on illite in the 226Ra/Ba competition experiment. The nature of these sites, however, remains unclear. The implementation of the 226Ra adsorption model into predictive transport modelling codes is of key importance for the safety analysis of deep geological disposal of radioactive waste.
Citation: Marques Fernandes, M., Klinkenberg, M., Baeyens, B., Bosbach, D., & Brandt, F. (2023). Adsorption of Ba and 226Ra on illite: a comparative experimental and modelling study. Applied Geochemistry, 159, 105815 (18 pp.).
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2023.105815 Further publications: Publications
ThermoFun: A C++/Python library for computing standard thermodynamic properties of substances and reactions across wide ranges of temperatures and pressures
ThermoFun is an open source library that facilitates the calculation and retrieval of standard thermodynamic properties of chemical substances, compounds, and reactions among them at a range of temperatures and pressures. The library is developed in C++ for performance, but it also has a Python API for broader and more convenient usage. It employs a variety of thermodynamic models and equations of state for solid, aqueous, surface, gaseous, and molten substances, and their reactions with input properties and parameters from various thermodynamic datasets that are collected and curated in the in ThermoHub database. The library can be used as a standalone code for searching and tabulating thermodynamic properties or linked to other modeling codes that require standard thermodynamic data as input. It offers the flexibility to use different thermodynamic datasets, including custom datasets and datasets retrieved from the online ThermoHub database, and to choose the most suitable models for different classes of substances necessary in various modeling applications. It can serve as a common source of thermodynamic models for standard properties of substances and reactions that can be easily integrated and combined, significantly improving the modeling capabilities for diverse (geo)chemical systems and over wide ranges of conditions.
Citation: Miron, G. D., Leal, A. M. M., Dmytrieva, S. V., & Kulik, D. A. (2023). ThermoFun: A C++/Python library for computing standard thermodynamic properties of substances and reactions across wide ranges of temperatures and pressures. Journal of Open Source Software, 8(83), 4624 (5 pp.).
Publication: https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.04624 Further publications: Publications
Diffusion and Gas Flow Dynamics in Partially Saturated Smectites
Clays and clay rocks are considered good natural and engineered barriers for deep geological disposal of nuclear waste worldwide. Metal corrosion and organic waste degradation in underground repositories generate significant amounts of gas that should be able to migrate through the multibarrier system to avoid potential pressure buildup, which could be compromising the integrity of the barriers and host rocks. The gas is expected to accumulate in larger pores and eventually form an interconnected network. Under such conditions, the migration of gas molecules takes place both in pore water films and gas-filled macropores. Therefore, mass fluxes depend on the distribution of gas molecules between the water-rich and gas-rich phases and their mobility in both compartments. Classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to investigate the mobilities of He, H2, CO2, Ar, and CH4 in a Na-montmorillonite mesopore as a function of the degree of saturation, as well as evaluate the hydrodynamic behavior of the pore fluid in partially saturated clays. The diffusivity of the gas molecules was determined by observing the asymptotic behavior of the mean square displacement in the gas-rich phase and at the gas-water interface. The partition coefficient and Gibbs free energy were analyzed to investigate the transfer of gas molecules between the gas-rich and water-rich phases by observing the molecular trajectories as they cross the vapor-liquid interface. The results revealed that the diffusion coefficient in the gas phase increased with increasing gas-filled pore width and converged asymptotically toward the diffusion coefficient in the bulk state. It could be shown that the diffusion coefficient of gas molecules dissolved in the water films remained constant as long as the interacting water surface was in the bulk-liquid-like phase. This behavior changes in very thin water films. It was observed that the partitioning coefficient of gas molecules at the solid-liquid interface is nearly the same as that in the bulk-liquid-like phase. Partitioning is observed to be strongly dependent on the temperature and gas molecular weights. In the second part of the study, nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations were performed to investigate the mobility of gases in pressure-driven decoupled gas-phase dynamics (DGPD) and coupled gas and water phase dynamics (CGWPD) in a partially saturated Na-montmorillonite slit mesopore. The dynamic viscosity of the gas phase was calculated from NEMD simulations and indicated that the viscosity of the gas phase was almost the same in both methods (DGPD and CGWPD). The average slip length for gas molecules at the gas-water interface was also calculated, revealing that the slip-free boundary condition assumed in continuum models is generally invalid for microfluidics and that a slip boundary condition exists at the microscale for specific surface interactions. Finally, a Bosanquet-type equation was developed to predict the diffusion coefficient and dynamic viscosity of gas as a function of the average pore width, gas mean-free path, geometric factor, and thickness of the adsorbed water film.
Citation: Owusu, J. P., Karalis, K., Prasianakis, N. I., & Churakov, S. V. (2023). Diffusion and gas flow dynamics in partially saturated smectites. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 127(29), 14425-14438.
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c02264 Further publications: Publications
Oxidation State and Structure of Fe in Nontronite: From Oxidizing to Reducing Conditions
The redox reaction between natural Fe-containing clay minerals and its sorbates is a fundamental process controlling the cycles of many elements such as carbon, nutrients, redox-sensitive metals, and metalloids (e.g., Co, Mn, As, Se), and inorganic as well as organic pollutants in Earth’s critical zone. While the structure of natural clay minerals under oxic conditions is well-known, less is known about their behavior under anoxic and reducing conditions, thereby impeding a full understanding of the mechanisms of clay-driven reduction and oxidation (redox) reactions especially under reducing conditions. Here we investigate the structure of a ferruginous natural clay smectite, nontronite, under different redox conditions, and compare several methods for the determination of iron redox states. Iron in nontronite was gradually reduced chemically with the citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite (CBD) method. 57Fe Mössbauer spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy including its pre-edge, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, and mediated electrochemical oxidation and reduction (MEO/MER) provided consistent Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratios. By combining X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we show that the long-range structure of nontronite at the highest obtained reduction degree of 44% Fe(II) is not different from that of fully oxidized nontronite except for a slight basal plane dissolution on the external surfaces. The short-range order probed by EXAFS spectroscopy suggests, however, an increasing structural disorder and Fe clustering with increasing reduction of structural Fe.
Citation: Qian, Y., Scheinost, A. C., Grangeon, S., Greneche, J. M., Hoving, A., Bourhis, E., … Marques Fernandes, M. (2023). Oxidation state and structure of Fe in nontronite: from oxidizing to reducing conditions. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 7(10), 1868-1881.
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00136 Further publications: Publications
Diffusion of HTO, 36Cl and 22Na in the Mesozoic rocks of northern Switzerland: I. Effective diffusion coefficients and capacity factors across the heterogeneous sediment sequences
Argillaceous rocks are currently being examined worldwide as potential host rocks for repositories for radioactive waste and spent fuel due to their favourable characteristics such as the self-sealing ability or limited diffusive transport of fluids, solutes or gases. In this study, through-diffusion experiments focused on rock samples with different mineralogical compositions taken from deep boreholes in the Mesozoic rock sequence of northern Switzerland, to determine diffusion parameters of HTO, 36Cl- and 22Na+ perpendicular to the bedding plane. Both effective diffusion coefficients and accessible porosities were calculated from the data obtained. In the Opalinus Clay, the primary selected host rock of the repository, the effective diffusion coefficients (De) and accessible porosity values (ε) of the neutral species HTO within and across all study areas are relatively consistent (De = 8.8 ± 1.9 × 10-12 m2 s-1; ε = 0.12 ± 0.02), indicating that the material can be considered homogeneous in terms of diffusion properties. Importantly, the chemical composition of the pore water has no effect on the values of the effective diffusion coefficients of HTO. On the other hand, the rocks above and below the Opalinus Clay, up to the next aquifer, consist of tight sedimentary units (carbonates, siliciclastics including argillaceous rocks) with a wider range of diffusion coefficients, indicating a higher level of heterogeneity. The diffusion coefficients of anions, such as 36Cl-, tend to be smaller due to anion exclusion effects, while those of cations, such as 22Na+, tend to be larger due to surface enhanced diffusion. The extent of these effects is largely determined by the composition of the pore water, and - in the case of cations - by the extent of sorption which depends also on the sorption capacity - indicated by the cation exchange capacity - of the solid. As a result, variations in the effective diffusion coefficient of 36Cl- and 22Na+ can be observed firstly between different rock types (i.e. composition, fabric), and secondly between the different study areas due to differences in the chemical composition of the pore waters in contact with the solid phase.
Based on the analysis of around 130 samples, it has been observed that the diffusion coefficients of the Mesozoic units in northern Switzerland exhibit a significant correlation with the total clay content of the rocks. These findings pave the way for the establishment of a diffusion database for the relevant elements under consideration in the Swiss radioactive waste programme and the Safety Case.
Citation: Van Loon, L. R., Bunic, P., Frick, S., Glaus, M. A., & Wüst, R. A. J. (2023). Diffusion of HTO, 36Cl and 22Na in the Mesozoic rocks of northern Switzerland: I. effective diffusion coefficients and capacity factors across the heterogeneous sediment sequences. Applied Geochemistry, 159, 105843 (15 pp.).
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2023.105843 Further publications: Publications
Surface charge property governing co-transport of illite colloids and Eu(III) in saturated porous media
The transport of colloids and radionuclides is sophisticated because of the variety of charge properties between colloidal particles and host subsurface media, which causes great difficulty in establishing a reliable model of radionuclides migration by taking the colloid phase into consideration. In this work, the co-transport of illite colloids (IC) and Eu(III) in the quartz sand and iron-coated sand porous media was investigated by column experiments to address the predominant mechanism of charge properties on co-transport. Results showed that Eu(III) transport was driven by the illite colloids and electrostatic interaction was critical in governing the co-transport patterns. The promotion of Eu(III) transport by IC was attenuated in the iron-coated sand systems; more IC-Eu(III) complexes were retained uniformly in the column. The pore throat shrinkage caused by electrostatic attachment between aggregated IC and iron oxides exacerbated the physical straining and size exclusion effect of IC-Eu(III) complexes. An aggravated irreversible retention of IC-Eu(III) was detected in iron-coated sand column due to the electrostatic attraction of IC-Eu(III) to host media. The findings are essential for improving the understanding on the potential transport, retention and release risk of colloids associated radionuclides, and imply that the positively charged permeable reactive barrier is an effective strategy to reduce the transport risk of colloid associated radionuclides.
Citation: Wei, X., Pan, D., Tan, Q., Shi, X., Hou, J., Tang, Q., … Ma, B. (2023). Surface charge property governing co-transport of illite colloids and Eu(III) in saturated porous media. Chinese Chemical Letters, 34(11), 108275 (7 pp.).
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108275 Further publications: Publications
Speciation of iron(II/III) at the iron-cement interface: a review
Steel is used as reinforcement in construction materials and it is also an important component of cement-stabilized waste materials to be disposed of in deep geological repositories for radioactive waste. Steel corrosion releases dissolved Fe(II/III) species that can form corrosion products on the steel surface or interact with cementitious materials at the iron-cement interface. The thermodynamically stable Fe species in the given conditions may diffuse further into the adjacent, porous cement matrix and react with individual cement phases. Thus, the retention of Fe(II/III) by the hydrate assemblage of cement paste is an important process affecting the diffusive transport of the aqueous species into the cementitious materials. The diffusion of aqueous Fe(II/III) species from the steel surface into the adjacent cementitious material coupled with the kinetically controlled formation of iron corrosion products, such as by Fe(II) oxidation, decisively determines the extension of the corrosion front. This review summarises the state-of-the art knowledge on the interaction of ferrous and ferric iron with cement phases based on a literature survey and provides new insights and proper perspectives for future study on interaction systems of iron and cement.
Citation: Wieland, E., Miron, G. D., Ma, B., Geng, G., & Lothenbach, B. (2023). Speciation of iron(II/III) at the iron-cement interface: a review. Materials and Structures, 56(2), 31 (24 pp.).
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-023-02115-x Further publications: Publications
The sensitive mobility of Cr in ashes studied by SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3-CaO system
Since incineration is a feasible method for stabilization/solidification of chromium (Cr)-enriched wastes, the species, distribution, and mobility of Cr in ashes deserve more studies, especially as the function of ash composition. Synthetic Cr-bearing ashes (SAs) were synthesized by SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3-CaO systems to investigate Cr mobility under 1100 °C. A study from simplicity to complexity. The Cr in SiO2-CaO is of high mobility with CrO42- formation, in contrary to the moderate mobility in SiO2-Al2O3 and poor mobility in SiO2-Fe2O3. However, species and mobility of Cr are affected by the values of CaO/SiO2, Al2O3/SiO2, and Fe2O3/SiO2 ratios. When other oxides are added to the two-phase systems above, the fate of Cr is affected more considerably. With the SiO2 content of 70%, adding a slight amount of CaO (<10%) strengthens the stabilization/solidification of Cr, due to the favorable solid integration under Ca2+ fusion. However, the Cr mobility is higher with increasing the CaO content further. The minimum content of CaO is ∼20% to sufficiently decrease the proportion of residual Cr (QCr-S5) in SiO2-Al2O3-CaO, much lower than in SiO2-Fe2O3-CaO, which confirms the easier release of Cr immobilized in Si-Al matrixes. Considering the opposite effects of Fe2O3 and CaO on Cr mobility, increasing Fe2O3/CaO ratios >3/2 can limit the effect of CaO, leading to the efficient stabilization/solidification of Cr waste. Additionally, the QCr-S5 is 83% with the Fe2O3 content of 15% in SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3, higher than in SiO2-Al2O3 and SiO2-Fe2O3. This suggests the intense stabilization/solidification of Cr, probably due to the formation of amorphous Fe-rich glass. Based on these above, an equation is developed to describe the relationship between ash compositions and QCr-S5 (QCr-S5 = -39.37X1 + 24.96X2 + 5.34X3 - 2.51X4 + 54.29).
Citation: Yang, Z., Ning, Y., Wang, C., Yang, S., Zhang, W., Dähn, R., & Li, Y. (2023). The sensitive mobility of Cr in ashes studied by SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3-CaO system. Environmental Pollution, 321, 121091 (10 pp.).
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121091 Further publications: Publications
Sorption mechanism of Fe(II) on illite: Sorption and modelling
Different countries consider clay formations as potential host rocks for a deep geological disposal of radioactive waste. Minor amounts of Fe(II), which is an important reducing agent in geochemical processes, are typically present in illite, which is a one of the major clay minerals present in different argillaceous rocks. On other hand, the corrosion of nuclear waste casks may act as sources of Fe(II) over time. The presence of Fe(II) in clay minerals may control the behavior of redox sensitive radionuclides such as 99Tc, 75Se and U, whose sorption, solubility and migration are largely affected by their redox state, which is affected by the redox potential in the environment. Thus, a quantitative description of Fe(II) sorption on clay minerals such as illite, is important to understand subsequent reactions with redox sensitive radionuclides. In this study, the sorption of Fe(II) on illite was investigated in batch experiments, including sorption edge and sorption isotherms measurements under anoxic condition. A 2 SPNE SC/CE (2 sites protolysis non-electrostatic surface complex/cation exchange) sorption model extended to account for the surface oxidation of sorbed Fe(II) was used to model the sorption data with geochemical modelling code PHREEQC. Three models (A, B, C) with increasing level of complexity were tested. The model A, in which only Fe(II) interact with illite, fit the experimental data not satisfactorily. This model was modified to include oxidation of surface complexes (Model B) and precipitation of iron bearing phases (Model C). The modified models showed that most of the sorbed Fe(II) was oxidized at pH below 6.5. At pH above 6.5, the oxidized surface complexes either react with water forming surface iron hydroxides or precipitate as hematite, although presence of these could not be confirmed by X-ray diffraction measurements. These sorption processes could be used to couple with redox sensitive radionuclides in future reactive transport research.
Citation: Chen, P., Van Loon, L. R., Fernandes, M. do S. M., & Churakov, S. (2022). Sorption mechanism of Fe(II) on illite: sorption and modelling. Applied Geochemistry, 143, 105389 (8 pp.).
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2022.105389 Further publications: Publications
A micro-XAS and XRD study of the crystalline alkali-silica reaction products
Deterioration induced by alkali silica reaction (ASR) significantly shortens the service life of worldwide concrete infrastructure. Increasing micro-morphological evidences have unveiled the nano-platy morphology of the reaction product inside the aggregate, indicating its crystalline nature in contrast to the amorphous ASR product observed adjacent to the interface between aggregate and cement paste. However, the crystal structure and the property of this crystalline ASR product have not been sufficiently investigated. Using synchrotron-based micro X-ray absorption spectroscopy (micro-XAS), we demonstrated that the chemical environment of K and Ca in the crystalline ASR products resembles that in the natural mineral shlykovite. Their structural similarity is further validated by the comparable X-ray diffraction data. Via high pressure XRD (HP-XRD) measurement, we have determined the anisotropic incompressibility of the crystalline ASR products, as well as their bulk modulus. The results provide fundamental input for understanding the formation of the ASR product, and for multi-scale mechanical modeling of the damage process.
Citation: Geng, G., Shi, Z., Lothenbach, B., Leemann, A., Wieland, E., & Dähn, R. (2022). A micro-XAS and XRD study of the crystalline alkali-silica reaction products. In A. Lopes Batista, A. Santos Silva, I. Fernandes, L. Oliveira Santos, J. Custódio, & C. Serra (Eds.), Vol. 1. Proceedings of the 16th international conference on alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete (ICAAR) (pp. 15-23). Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC).
Publication: https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/psi/islandora/object/psi:37884 Further publications: Publications
Carbon-14 release and speciation during corrosion of irradiated steel under radioactive waste disposal conditions
Carbon-14 is a key radionuclide in the safety assessment of deep geological repositories (DGR) for low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste (L/ILW). Irradiated metallic wastes generated during the decommissioning of nuclear power plants are an important source of 14C after their disposal in a DGR. The chemical form of 14C released from the irradiated metallic wastes determines the pathway of migration from the DGR into the environment. In a long-term corrosion experiment with irradiated steel simulating the hyper-alkaline, anoxic conditions of a cement-based DGR, total inorganic (TI14C2) and organic 14C contents (TO14C) in the liquid and gas phases (TG14C), as well as individual 14C-bearing carbon compounds by compound-specific radiocarbon analysis (CSRA), were quantified using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The AMS-based quantification allows the determination of 14C in the pico- to femtomolar concentration range. An initial increase in TO14C was observed, which could be attributed partially to the release of 14C-bearing oxygenated carbon compounds. In the long term, TO14C and the TI14C remain constant, while TG14C increases over time according to a corrosion rate of steel of 1 nm/yr. In solution, 14C-bearing carboxylic acids (CAs) contribute ~40% to TO14C, and they are the main 14C carriers along with 14C-bearing carbonate (14CO32−). The remaining fraction of TO14C (~ 60%) is likely due to the presence of as yet non-identified polymeric or colloidal organic material. In the gas phase, 14CH4 accounts for more than 80% of the TG14C, while only trace amounts of 14CO, and other small 14C-bearing hydrocarbons have been detected. In a DGR, the release of 14C will be mainly in gaseous form and migrate via the gas pathway from the repository near field to the surrounding host rock and eventually to the environment.
Citation: Guillemot, T., Salazar, G., Rauber, M., Kunz, D., Szidat, S., & Wieland, E. (2022). Carbon-14 release and speciation during corrosion of irradiated steel under radioactive waste disposal conditions. Science of the Total Environment, 817, 152596 (9 pp.).
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152596 Further publications: Publications
A structurally-consistent CASH+ sublattice solid solution model for fully hydrated C-S-H phases: thermodynamic basis, methods, and Ca-Si-H2O core sub-model
A new thermodynamic model, CASH+, is proposed, aimed at accurately describing equilibrium composition, stability, solubility, and density of C-S-H gel-like phases at varying chemical conditions. Taking advantage from recent atomistic and spectroscopic studies, this sublattice solid solution model allows incremental extensions to accommodate alkali, aluminum and other cations. This incrementality, achieved first time for a C-S-H solid solution model, means that all thermodynamic properties of endmembers and interaction parameters can be kept fixed in further extensions. This paper describes principles of how endmembers of CASH+ solid solution model can be constructed by permutating moieties assigned to different sublattices, and how the structural consistency of the model can be established. Initial standard thermodynamic properties of endmembers were estimated using predictive methods and PSI/Nagra and Cemdata18 chemical thermodynamic databases. The parameterized core CASH+ sub-model in Ca-Si-H2O system is shown to perform well in presence of liquid water at temperatures up to 90 °C.
Citation: Kulik, D. A., Miron, G. D., & Lothenbach, B. (2022). A structurally-consistent CASH+ sublattice solid solution model for fully hydrated C-S-H phases: thermodynamic basis, methods, and Ca-Si-H2O core sub-model. Cement and Concrete Research, 151, 106585 (21 pp.).
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106585 Further publications: Publications
Extensions of CASH+ thermodynamic solid solution model for the uptake of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals in C-S-H
The new CASH+ core sublattice solid solution model of calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) can describe calcium uptake, solubility, water content, and mean silicate chain length up to 90 °C. In this study, the model has been consistently extended to describe the equilibrium uptake of alkalis (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) and alkaline earths (Mg, Sr, Ba, Ra). The new endmembers for each cation were defined, and their properties, along with binary interaction parameters, were fitted against known aqueous and solid phase compositions. The CASH+ model with its extensions can be directly used in GEMS codes or discretized and exported for use with other geochemical speciation computer programs. In agreement with the experimental data, the model indicates that the uptake of alkalis and alkaline earth cations occurs mainly as a competitive (interlayer) ion exchange, uptake is favored at low C/S ratios, silicate chains get shorter at higher pH, and the uptake of bivalent cations (in the order Mg2+ < Ca2+ < Sr2+ < Ba2+ < Ra2+) is preferential over that of monovalent cations (Li+ ≈ Na+ < K+ ≈ Rb+ ≈ Cs+).
Citation: Miron, G. D., Kulik, D. A., Yan, Y., Tits, J., & Lothenbach, B. (2022). Extensions of CASH+ thermodynamic solid solution model for the uptake of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals in C-S-H. Cement and Concrete Research, 152, 106667 (27 pp.).
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106667 Further publications: Publications
SPH modelling of the water nappe gravity fall over a dam
This work uses the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) meshless numerical method in order to investigate the behaviour of a water sheet falling under gravity by reproducing the experimental results of a laboratory chute of 9.5 m height. This kind of flow occurs typically over dam ogee-type spillways. The focus is on the trajectory and velocity of the water sheet as well as on the pressure upon impact. Simulations using a combination of adaptive particle refinement, surface tension model and air friction model were tested. The SPH simulations with refinement show good agreement with the experimental pressure results for all comparisons, while using air friction allows correct modelling of the falling velocity distribution.
Citation: Mokos, A., Violeau, D., Sarret, F., De Leffe, M., & Bercovitz, Y. (2022). SPH modelling of the water nappe gravity fall over a dam. Journal of Hydraulic Research.
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2021.2022029 Further publications: Publications
Mechanisms and thermodynamic modelling of iodide sorption on AFm phases
Both, experimental and modelling evidence is presented in this study showing that interlayer anion exchange is the dominant sorption mechanism for iodide (I-) on AFm phases. AFm phases are Ca-Al(Fe) based layered double hydroxides (LDH) known for their large potential for the immobilization of anionic radionuclides, such as dose-relevant iodine-129, emanating from low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste (L/ILW) repositories. Monosulfate, sulfide-AFm, hemicarbonate and monocarbonate are safety-relevant AFm phases, expected to be present in the cementitious near-field of such repositories. Their ability to bind I- was investigated in a series of sorption and co-precipitation experiments. The sorption of I- on different AFm phases was found to depend on the type of the interlayer anion. Sorption Rd values are very similar for monosulfate, sulfide-AFm and hemicarbonate. A slightly higher uptake occurs by AFm phases with a singly charged anion in the interlayer (HS-AFm) as compared to AFm with divalent ions (monosulfate), whereas uptake by hemicarbonate is intermediate. No significant sorption occurs onto monocarbonate. Our derived thermodynamic solid solution models reproduce the experimentally obtained sorption isotherms on HS-AFm, hemicarbonate and monosulfate, indicating that anion exchange in the interlayer is the dominant mechanism and that the contribution of I- electrostatic surface sorption to the overall uptake is negligible.
Citation: Nedyalkova, L., Tits, J., Renaudin, G., Wieland, E., Mäder, U., & Lothenbach, B. (2022). Mechanisms and thermodynamic modelling of iodide sorption on AFm phases. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 608, 683-691.
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.104 Further publications: Publications
Competitive Effects of Cations on the Diffusion Properties of Strongly Sorbing Trace Cations in Compacted Illite and Opalinus Clay
Surface diffusion may enhance the diffusive fluxes of cationic species in argillaceous materials and lead to an underestimation of radioactive doses emanating from deep geological repositories for radioactive waste to the biosphere. The conceptual understanding of surface diffusion implies that competition effects between different cations would also affect diffusion and not only sorption. The present work provides for the first time diffusion data and simulations supporting this view. The effect of Ca2+ on the diffusion and sorption of a 57Co2+ tracer was measured in compacted illite. The results could be quantitatively explained using an electrical double layer or a cation-exchange model for the uptake of cationic species, with both models involving mobile species at the planar surfaces. The observed effects were related to the presence of different sites for Co2+ uptake, exhibiting different surface mobilities and different affinities for Ca2+. The strong sorption sites, which dominate sorption at the conditions of the experiments, do not exhibit noticeable surface mobility and are not prone to competition with Ca2+. The effective diffusion coefficients are rather dominated by the cation species at the planar surfaces, which are affected by competition with Ca2+. The relevance of the illite model system for intact clay rock was demonstrated by a successful application of the illite source data to 57Co2+ diffusion measurements in Opalinus Clay, in which the equilibrium pore water contained substantial amounts of alkaline earth cations. Our present findings enhance the conceptual understanding of sorption and diffusion of trace elements in compacted clay minerals and clay rocks.
Citation: Glaus, M. A., Frick, S., & Van Loon, L. R. (2021). Competitive effects of cations on the diffusion properties of strongly sorbing trace cations in compacted illite and Opalinus Clay. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 5(10), 2621-2625.
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00250 Further publications: Publications
CemGEMS – an easy-to-use web application for thermodynamic modelling of cementitious materials
Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations for cementitious materials enable predictions of stable phases and solution composition. In the last two decades, thermodynamic modelling has been increasingly used to understand the impact of factors such as cement composition, hydration, leaching, or temperature on the phases and properties of a hydrated cementitious system. General thermodynamic modelling codes such as GEM-Selektor have versatile but complex user interfaces requiring a considerable learning and training time. Hence there is a need for a dedicated tool, easy to learn and to use, with little to no maintenance efforts. CemGEMS (https://cemgems.app) is a free-to-use web app developed to meet this need, i.e. to assist cement chemists, students and industrial engineers in easily performing and visualizing thermodynamic simulations of hydration of cementitious materials at temperatures 0-99 °C and pressures 1-100 bar. At the server side, CemGEMS runs the GEMS code (https://gems.web.psi.ch) using the PSI/Nagra and Cemdata18 chemical thermodynamic data-bases (https://www.empa.ch/cemdata).
The present paper summarizes the concepts of CemGEMS and its template data, highlights unique features of value for cement chemists that are not available in other tools, presents several calculated examples related to hydration and durability of cementitious materials, and compares the results with thermodynamic modelling using the desktop GEM-Selektor code.
Citation: Kulik, D. A.; Winnefeld, F.; Kulik, A.; Miron, G. D.; Lothenbach, B. CemGEMS – an Easy-to-Use Web Application for Thermodynamic Modelling of Cementitious Materials. RILEM Tech Lett 2021, 6, 36-52.
Publication: https://doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2021.140 Further publications: Publications
Anharmonic effects on the dynamics of solid aluminium from ab initio simulations
Two approaches to simulations of phonon properties of solids beyond the harmonic approximation, the self-consistent ab initio lattice dynamics (SCAILD) and decoupled anharmonic mode approximation (DAMA) are critically benchmarked against each other and molecular dynamics simulations using a density-functional-theory description of electronic states, and compared to experimental data for fcc aluminium. The temperature-dependence of phonon dispersion and the phonon density-of-states, heat capacity, and the mean atomic displacement for fcc aluminium are examined with these approaches at ambient pressure. A comparison of results obtained with the harmonic approximation to the ones predicted by SCAILD and DAMA reveal a negligible anharmonic contribution to phonon frequencies, a small, but significant influence on heat capacity, and a strong effect on atomic mean-square displacement. The phase space accessed with SCAILD and DAMA is reduced relative to molecular and harmonic lattice dynamics simulations. In particular the DAMA results are in good agreement with displacement amplitudes determined by the Debye–Waller factor in x-ray diffraction experiments.
Citation: Donat J Adams et al 2021 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 33 175501
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648X/abc972 Further publications: Publications
Cd2+ incorporation in small-pore LEV/ERI intergrown zeolites: A multi-methodological study
Small-pore zeolites are successfully employed as catalysts, sorbents and molecular sieves. Their physiochemical properties can be tuned by modifying their extraframework cation (EF) composition via ion exchange. In this study, we investigate the crystal structure of a Cd-exchanged levyne (LEV) intergrown with erionite (ERI) by combining Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction (SCXRD), Molecular Dynamic simulations (MD) and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine-Structure spectroscopy (EXAFS). Data obtained from the different techniques consistently indicate that Cd2+ in LEV is arranged in a nearly ordered fashion. In contrast, strong disorder of the EF species (Cd2+ and H2O) is observed in the ERI cavities. Here, Cd2+ forms aqueous complexes that are more mobile in comparison to LEV, where Cd2+ bonds to both H2O and framework-oxygen atoms. The formation of Cd-clusters is excluded based on EXAFS analysis. Finally, to discriminate between thermal and static disorder, we propose a new approach based on combined MD and geometry optimization.
Citation: Cametti, G., Scheinost, A. C., & Churakov, S. V. (2021). Cd2+ incorporation in small-pore LEV/ERI intergrown zeolites: a multi-methodological study. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 313, 110835 (11 pp.).
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2020.110835 Further publications: Publications
Incremental parameterisation of cash+ sublattice solid solution model against recent data for Na, K, and Al uptake in C-S-H
Our new, structurally consistent CASH+ sublattice solid solution model of calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-SH) has been successfully parameterized for the uptake of alkalis and aluminium. The model, developed by considering recent structural and atomistic views on C-S-H, can describe cation uptake, solubility, water content, and mean silicate chain length (MCL). End members for each cation have been defined by permutation of chemical moieties existing in two sublattices, and their properties along with the site interaction parameters were incrementally fitted against aqueous and solid phase composition and NMR-derived MCL data for a wide range of conditions (also considering incongruent phenomena). Good fits show that the model is incremental and can be extended stepwise (i.e. keeping previously fitted parameters fixed). Preliminary results show that the CASH+ model can be further extended for the uptake of iron, heavy metals, actinides, and fission products used in a broad range of cement chemistry and waste geochemistry applications.
Citation: Dan Miron, G., Kulik, D. A., & Lothenbach, B. (2021). Incremental parameterisation of cash+ sublattice solid solution model against recent data for Na, K, and Al uptake in C-S-H. In B. L. A. Pichler, P. J. McDonald, B. Lothenbach, K. Scrivener, V. Bortolotti, & M. Ben Haha (Eds.), ERICA CASH II final conference (pp. 53-54). Technische Universität Wien.
Publication: https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/psi/islandora/object/psi%3A36243 Further publications: Publications
Pb2+ Uptake by Magnesite: The Competition between Thermodynamic Driving Force and Reaction Kinetics
The thermodynamic properties of carbonate minerals suggest a possibility for the use of the abundant materials (e.g., magnesite) for removing harmful divalent heavy metals (e.g., Pb2+). Despite the favourable thermodynamic condition for such transformation, batch experiments performed in this work indicate that the kinetic of the magnesite dissolution at room temperature is very slow. Another set of co-precipitation experiments from homogenous solution in the Mg-PbII-CO2-H2O system reveal that the solids formed can be grouped into two categories depending on the Pb/Mg ratio. The atomic ratio Pb/Mg is about 1 and 10 in the Mg-rich and Pb-rich phases, respectively. Both phases show a significant enrichment in Pb if compared with the initial stoichiometry of the aqueous solutions (Pb/Mg initial = 1 × 10 − 2–1 × 10−4). Finally, the growth of {10.4} magnesite surfaces in the absence and in the presence of Pb2+ was studied by in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. In the presence of the foreign ion, a ten-fold increase in the spreading rate of the obtuse steps was observed. Further, the effect of solution ageing was also tested. We observed the nucleation of a secondary phase that quickly grows on the {10.4} surfaces of magnesite. The preferential incorporation of Pb2+ into the solid phase observed during precipitation and the catalytic effect of Pb2+ on magnesite growth are promising results for the development of environmental remediation processes. These processes, different from the transformation of magnesite into cerussite, are not limited by the slow dissolution rate of magnesite. Precipitation and growth require an external carbon source, thus they could be combined with carbon sequestration techniques.
Citation: Di Lorenzo, F., Arnold, T., & Churakov, S. V. (2021). Pb2+ uptake by magnesite: the competition between thermodynamic driving force and reaction kinetics. Minerals, 11(4), 415 (18 pp.).
Publication: https://doi.org/10.3390/min11040415 Further publications: Publications
An in-situ 3D micro-XRD investigation of water uptake by alkali-silica-reaction (ASR) product
The ASR products in concrete have various chemical compositions. It is yet unclear whether and how these products develop micro-expansion upon moisture ingress. This paper presents a 3D in-situ observation of the crystallography and volume change of an ASR-product-filled vein under varying relative-humidity (R.H.). The vein was observed to contain two layered nano-crystalline phases with distinct basal spacings, and was distributed heterogeneously in space. When R.H. changed from 10% to >38%, the basal spacing increased from 7.43 Å to 8.89 Å for one phase, whereas it remained constant (~10.9 Å) for the other. This is the first time that an ASR product is observed in-situ to exhibit crystal structural expansion during wetting process. However, the product-filled vein exhibited no noticeable swelling when R.H. varied from 10% to 97%. Our findings provide the first direct evidence that the moisturization-induced crystal structural change of ASR product may not be a plausible explanation to the macroscale concrete expansion.
Citation: Geng, G., Barbotin, S., Shakoorioskooie, M., Shi, Z., Leemann, A., Sanchez, D. F., … Dähn, R. (2021). An in-situ 3D micro-XRD investigation of water uptake by alkali-silica-reaction (ASR) product. Cement and Concrete Research, 141, 106331 (8 pp.).
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106331 Further publications: Publications
Sorption and electrochemical properties of ASR products and C-S-H: a comparative modelling study
Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is one of the most important concrete durability issues worldwide. It was shown recently that ASR products have a structure similar to the natural mineral shlykovite. We carried out grandcanonical Monte Carlo simulations of ions sorption on the surfaces of C-S-H and shlykovite to better understand and compare the sorption of monovalent (K+, Cl-) and divalent (Ca2+) ions by ASR and C-S-H at different pH (10.0 to 13.0) and pore water chemistry. Our results indicate that divalent ions tend to overcompensate for the negative surface charge, which leads to a co-adsorption of negative species at the surface of both shlykovite and C-S-H phases. At high K/Ca ratios in the pore solution, monovalent K+ will compete with divalent Ca2+ ions, resulting in the desorption of adsorbed calcium from the shlykovite surface. For C-S-H, this effect cannot be observed in the considered pH range. C-S-H has a higher Ca selectivity compared to ASR in the entire pH range studied.
Citation: Krattiger, N., Lothenbach, B., & Churakov, S. V. (2021). Sorption and electrochemical properties of ASR products and C-S-H: a comparative modelling study. In B. L. A. Pichler, P. J. McDonald, B. Lothenbach, K. Scrivener, V. Bortolotti, & M. Ben Haha (Eds.), ERICA CASH II final conference (pp. 69-70). Technische Universität Wien.
Publication: https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/psi/islandora/object/psi%3A36242 Further publications: Publications
On the concentration-dependent diffusion of sorbed cesium in Opalinus Clay
Cation diffusion coefficients in clayey materials partly appear to be greater than diffusion coefficients of water tracers. The measured values vary between experiments performed at different salinities or different tracer concentrations. This effect is especially pronounced for cations that sorb strongly on the clay surfaces, such as Cs. The observations illustrate the difficulties in applying Fick’s law to cation diffusion in clays and demonstrate the need to find a consistent description of cation diffusion in clays that can be used to predict experiments performed at different conditions. In order to consistently describe Cs diffusion in Opalinus Clay, a multi-site surface diffusion model was implemented in the continuum-scale reactive transport code Flotran. The model combines pore and surface diffusion in one single diffusion coefficient, which accounts for the diffusion of sorbed cations along the clay surfaces.. The contribution from surface diffusion to the diffusion coefficient is directly coupled to the sorption behavior via the derivative of the sorption isotherm. The model parameters include the surface mobilities, which are specific for each cation and sorption site. To derive surface mobilities for Cs, in-diffusion experiments were conducted at eight different stable Cs background concentrations. A set of surface mobilities for Cs on three sorption sites in Opalinus Clay was estimated by fitting the surface diffusion model simultaneously to these experimental data. Moreover, the sensitivity of the model to sorption parameters and surface mobilities was evaluated. The surface diffusion model with the estimated surface mobilities was then successfully tested against independent experimental data for Cs in Opalinus Clay, illustrating the model’s predictive capabilities.
Citation: Ph. Krejci, Th. Gimmi, L. R. Van Loon Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 298 (2021) 149-166
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2021.01.012 Further publications: Publications
Fe(II) interaction with cement phases: Method development, wet chemical studies and X-ray absorption spectroscopy
Fe(II) interaction with cement phases was studied by means of co-precipitation and sorption experiments in combination with X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy. Oxidation of Fe(II) was fast in alkaline conditions and therefore, a methodology was developed which allowed Fe(II) to be stabilised in the sorption experiments and to prepare samples for spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the co-precipitation samples showed uptake of a small portion of Fe(II) by calcium-silicate-hydrates (C-S-H) in the interlayer indicated by an increase in the interlayer spacing. Fe(II) incorporation by AFm phases was not indicated. Wet chemical experiments using 55Fe radiotracer revealed linear sorption of Fe(II) irrespective of the Ca/Si ratio of C-S-H and equilibrium pH. The Kd values for Fe(II) sorption on C-S-H are more than three orders of magnitude lower as compared to Fe(III), while they are comparable to those of other bivalent metal cations. XAFS spectroscopy showed Fe(II) binding by C-S-H in an octahedral coordination environment. The large number of neighbouring atoms rules out the formation of a single surface-bound Fe(II) species. Instead the data suggest presence of Fe(II) in a structurally bound entity. The data from XRD and XAFS spectroscopy suggests the presence of both surface- and interlayer-bound Fe(II) species.
Citation: Mancini, A., Wieland, E., Geng, G., Lothenbach, B., Wehrli, B., & Dähn, R. (2021). Fe(II) interaction with cement phases: method development, wet chemical studies and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 588, 692-704.
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2020.11.085 Further publications: Publications
Iron speciation in blast furnace slag cements
Slag-containing pastes and concretes were analysed by element-specific synchrotron-based techniques to determine the speciation of iron on crushed materials through spatially resolved micro-spectroscopic studies. The investigated cement samples were hydrated either in the laboratory, or exposed to river or sea water. Metallic iron, along with minor proportions of iron sulphide and magnetite was detected in the laboratory sample. Iron sulphide, goethite, and siliceous hydrogarnet were discovered in the blended slag cements hydrated in contact with river water for up to 7 years. In contrast, no Fe(0) was observed in blended concretes exposed to sea water. Instead, iron sulphide, iron(II)-hydroxide and -oxide, hematite, magnetite, siliceous hydrogarnet, and goethite were detected as well as ilmenite (FeTiO3) in the aggregates. The strong acceleration of Fe oxidation in samples exposed to sea water and the long-term passivation observed in the other samples indicate comparable processes as those occurring on steel bars.
Citation: Mancini, A., Lothenbach, B., Geng, G., Grolimund, D., Sanchez, D. F., Fakra, S. C., … Wieland, E. (2021). Iron speciation in blast furnace slag cements. Cement and Concrete Research, 140, 106287 (18 pp.).
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106287 Further publications: Publications
Thallium sorption by soil manganese oxides: Insights from synchrotron X-ray micro-analyses on a naturally thallium-rich soil
Thallium (Tl) is a highly toxic trace metal. It occurs mostly as soluble monovalent Tl(I) and less frequently as poorly soluble trivalent Tl(III). Laboratory studies have shown that vacancy-containing hexagonal birnessites can sorb Tl with a very high affinity via a mechanism that involves the oxidation of Tl(I) to Tl(III) and strong complexation of Tl(III), whereas other manganese (Mn) oxides bind Tl(I) non-oxidatively and with lower sorption affinity. Information on the mode of Tl uptake by natural Mn oxides in soils, on the other hand, is still limited. In this study, we characterized the association of Tl with Mn oxides and Tl (redox) speciation in a naturally Tl-rich soil using micro-focused synchrotron X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) chemical imaging. The results show that most soil Tl was Tl(I) associated with micaceous clay minerals in the soil matrix. High levels of Tl in soil Mn concretions, on the other hand, were mostly identified as Tl(III), suggesting that oxidative Tl uptake by vacancy-containing hexagonal birnessite was the main process of Tl accumulation in soil Mn concretions. The spectroscopic results in combination with chemical extractions and published sorption isotherms for Tl on synthetic Mn oxides suggest that the formation and transformation of natural Mn oxides in soils and sorption competition of Tl with major and trace metal cations determine the extent and mode of Tl uptake by soil Mn oxides. Methodologically, this study compares classical micro-XRF element mapping combined with point XANES analyses for spatially-resolved element speciation with high-resolution chemical imaging of entire sample areas, which is of great interest for the geochemical community in light of diffraction-limited storage ring upgrades to many synchrotron lightsources.
Citation: Marafatto, F. F., Dähn, R., Grolimund, D., Göttlicher, J., & Voegelin, A. (2021). Thallium sorption by soil manganese oxides: insights from synchrotron X-ray micro-analyses on a naturally thallium-rich soil. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 302, 193-208.
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2021.03.011 Further publications: Publications
A multi-level pore scale reactive transport model for the investigation of combined leaching and carbonation of cement paste
Cementitious materials in underground constructions are exposed to CO2 rich ground waters which leads to combined carbonation and calcium leaching. Complex interplay between leaching, carbonation reaction and changes in transport pathways presents difficulty in parameterizing continuum scale models in a consistent way. Therefore, a novel multi-level pore-scale reactive transport model is presented to capture microstructure changes under combined carbonation and leaching. Model explicitly resolves capillary pores and phases with unresolved porosity as a porous media. Governing equations are solved using a lattice Boltzmann method based reactive transport solver with chemical reaction under thermodynamic equilibrium. The two-dimensional parametric study on idealized microstructures revealed that carbon content and pH of boundary solution strongly affects degradation rates, location and thickness of precipitated calcite layer. Furthermore, reactive surface area plays dominant role and tortuosity of media rather a secondary role. The three-dimensional simulations using virtual cement paste microstructure show that degradation rate exhibit non-linear behaviour with square root of time and time. This implies that simple empirical relations for prediction of progression of reaction fronts are not applicable and use of numerical reactive transport models is inevitable.. The developed model qualitatively captures the development of carbonation, leaching fronts and zonation as observed in experiments. Good quantitative agreement between modelling and experiments is obtained for initial stages. At later times, the modelling result and experimental observations diverge significantly. This discrepancy is likely due to lack of consideration of kinetics of C-S-H dissolution and calcite precipitation.
Citation: Patel, R. A., Churakov, S. V., & Prasianakis, N. I. (2021). A multi-level pore scale reactive transport model for the investigation of combined leaching and carbonation of cement paste. Cement and Concrete Composites, 115, 103831 (18 pp.).
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103831 Further publications: Publications
Atomic scale mechanism of clay minerals dissolution revealed by ab initio simulations
Large-scale ab initio Meta-Dynamics simulations were applied to elucidate the molecular mechanism and reaction free energies of pyrophyllite dissolution at the (1 1 0) edge surface in pure water at close to neutral pH under far from equilibrium conditions. The simulation setup allows realistic representation of the clay mineral surface and explicit consideration of solvent dynamics at finite temperature. The simulation reveals that dissolution of a single tetrahedral or an octahedral unit from the clay mineral edge is a complex multi-step process with several reaction intermediates. Typically, each reaction step changes denticity of the reacting site in a step-by-step manner and leads, eventually, to the leaching of ions forming octahedral and tetrahedral sheets of the phyllosilicate. The solvent rearrangement and the proton transfer reactions in the first and the second coordination shell of the dissolving unit play a critical role in the stabilization of reaction intermediates and the net progress of the dissolution reactions. The overall reaction mechanism can be rationalized as sequence of concurrent and reversible elementary reaction events, which are:
(1) the nucleophilic attack of H2O molecules or OH groups on the dissolving surface site.
(2) ligand exchange reactions in the first coordination shell of the reacting sites leading to changes of its conformation and denticity at the mineral surface.
(3) collective proton transfer reactions between the acidic and basic oxygen sites mediated via a chain of the hydrogen bonded molecules in the first and second coordination shell of the reacting site.
The results obtained in this study are general and applicable to the group of 2:1 phyllosilicates in a wide range of chemical and thermodynamic conditions.
Citation: Schliemann, R., & Churakov, S. V. (2021). Atomic scale mechanism of clay minerals dissolution revealed by ab initio simulations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 293, 438-460.
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2020.10.026 Further publications: Publications
Generating isocoulombic reactions as a tool for systematic evaluation of temperature trends of thermodynamic properties: Application to aquocomplexes of lanthanides and actinides
Most of the available thermodynamic data concerning radioactive waste disposal are restricted to values of reaction equilibrium constants (logKo298) at 25 oC and 1 bar. Simple estimation methods such as isocoulombic reactions can be used for extrapolating the properties of reactions involving aqueous species and minerals to elevated temperatures. The aim of this study was to validate the applicability of various alternative isocoulombic reactions to estimate logKoT values of aqueouscomplexation reactions for lanthanides and actinides to elevated temperatures while taking advantage of new additional literature data, and to identify criteria for choosing the ‘‘best” reactions. For each chemical species of interest, a systematic approach using dedicated software and database allowed us to identify the isocoulombic reactions and types of extrapolation that yield the best estimates of standard thermodynamic properties at elevated temperatures, when very limited or no experimental data are available. We have tested aqueous complexation reactions for selected lanthanides and actinides of different valences with chloride, fluoride, sulfate, carbonate, nitrate, phosphate and silicate ligands. ‘‘Model” complexation reactions, having known temperature trends, were systematically combined with complex formation reactions of interest whose temperature trends are unknown, into many alternative isocoulombic reactions. For each ion, we investigated which of the generated isocoulombic reactions provide the best estimates for logeKoT of the reaction of interest at elevated temperatures in order to compile the guidelines for choosing the optimal ones, then applying these guidelines to ‘‘prediction” subsets. In most cases, knowing only logeKoT at 25 oC (for the reaction of interest), it was possible to obtain rather accurate estimates of logeKoT values at elevated temperatures using isocoulombic reactions that exchange ions with similar charge and hydration properties (hydrated ionic radius and structure of the hydration shell) and known logmKoT of model reactions. These ions and their complexes interact with the solvent in comparable ways, so that their similar heat capacity and entropy effects largely cancel out on both sides of an ‘‘optimal” isocoulombic reaction.
Citation: G.D. Miron, D.A. Kulik, T. Thoenen Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 286 (2020) 119-142
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2020.07.020 Further publications: Publications
Fe(III) uptake by calcium silicate hydrates
Wet chemistry and spectroscopic investigations were conducted to study Fe(III) uptake by calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) at different Ca/Si ratios. Wet chemistry experiments were carried out by using a 55Fe radiotracer while 29Si NMR and XAS spectroscopy were performed on C–S–H phases loaded with different Fe(III) concentrations. Sorption kinetics experiments indicate that equilibrium was attained within 30 days. Over the studied concentration range, Fe(III) sorption was linear, irrespective of the difference in pH of the suspension and the Ca/Si of C–S–H. In addition, Fe(III) sorption on C–S–H phases was significantly stronger than Al(III) sorption. The total Fe(III) uptake by C–S–H phases, however, was limited by the lower solubility of Fe(OH)3 compared to Al(OH)3; up to 1 mol Fe/kg C–S–H (molar Fe(III)/Si ≈ 0.001) could be taken up. 29Si NMR and EXAFS data suggest Fe(III) uptake in octahedral coordination into the interlayer of the C–S–H phases with Ca/Si ratios 1.2 and 1.5. However, such an uptake mechanism appears unlikely in the case of the C–S–H phase with Ca/Si 0.8 because structural parameters of Fe(III) deduced from EXAFS are different.
Citation: A. Mancini, E. Wieland, G. Geng, R. Dähn, J. Skibsted, B. Wehrli, B. Lothenbach Applied Geochemistry 113 (2020) 104460
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2019.104460 Further publications: Publications
Processes leading to reduced and oxidised carbon compounds during corrosion of zero-valent iron in alkaline anoxic conditions
The Swiss disposal concept foresees that carbon-14 (14C) is predominantly released from irradiated steel disposed of in a cement-based repository for low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste. To predict how 14C migrates in the cementitious environment of the repository near field and subsequently in the host rock, knowledge about the carbon speciation during anoxic steel corrosion in alkaline conditions is therefore essential. To this end, batch-type corrosion experiments with carbon-containing zero-valent iron (ZVI) powders subject to oxidative pre-treatments were carried out in NaOH solution at pH 11 and 12.5. Alkanes and alkenes (C1–C7) were identified in the gas phase and produced on the iron surface by a Fischer-Tropsch type mechanism. The kind of oxidative pre-treatment has an effect on the production rate of hydrocarbons (HCs). In the liquid phase, carboxylic acids were identified and produced during the oxidative pre-treatment of the ZVI powders. They are released instantaneously from the oxide layer upon contact with the alkaline solution. The kind of oxidative treatment and the exposure time to oxic conditions directly influence the amount of carboxylic acids accommodated in the oxide layer.
Citation: T. Guillemot, B. Z. Cvetković, D. Kunz, E. Wieland Chemosphere 250 (2020) 126230
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126230 Further publications: Publications
A coherent approach for cation surface diffusion in clay minerals and cation sorption models: Diffusion of Cs+ and Eu3+ in compacted illite as case examples
The conceptual setup and the parametrisation of surface diffusion models for different types of cations in negatively charged clay minerals has still not been fully developed. In particular, the contribution of different types of surface-associated cationic species to the overall mass transfer rates is an open question. Further, the transferability of sorption data gained on dispersed clay suspensions to the compacted clay minerals or consolidated clay rocks remains also unanswered. This contribution presents experimental results for the diffusion of 134Cs+ and 152Eu3+ in and sorption on compacted illite (bulk-dry densities of 1900 and 1700 kg m−3, respectively) and their interpretation using thermodynamic and transport modelling. Different solution parameters, such as pH, ionic strength and the concentration of stable isotope background were varied. The results give information on both diffusional processes of the two radionuclides and their sorption behaviour at relevant solid-to-liquid ratios. The existing two site protolysis non electrostatic surface complexation and cation exchange (2SPNE-SC/CE) model turned out to be fully valid for the description of the equilibrium distribution of the test cations between the solution and the clay phase in the compacted state. The model had to be extended by an electrical double layer description of cationic species bound to the planar surfaces, involving mobile species in the diffuse layer, in order to successfully model the observed diffusion profiles. Despite the notable differences in sorption behaviour of Cs+ and Eu3+ on illite, their diffusional behaviour could thus be satisfyingly described using the same model approach.
Citation: M.A. Glaus, S. Frick, L.R. Van Loon Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 274 (2020) 79-96
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2020.01.054 Further publications: Publications
Water retention and diffusion in unsaturated clays: Connecting atomistic and pore scale simulations
Molecular diffusion is the dominant solute transport process in clays and claystones that are considered as sealing materials in the deep geological disposal of radioactive waste. These materials are typically water saturated, but during construction and later, at elevated temperatures or when gas may be produced, unsaturated conditions prevail. Investigating the clay's water retention properties as well as solute transport under unsaturated conditions is therefore mandatory. Here, functional dependencies of these properties were derived from atomistic and pore-scale simulations. In the absence of tomographic maps that resolve all pores in clays, model clay structure maps with different pore size distributions were generated using a previously developed algorithm. Upscaled water retention functions and upscaled diffusion coefficients of unsaturated samples were derived from these maps based on the shifted Young-Laplace equation that considers film adsorption and capillary condensation. Pore-scale parameters (water film thickness, diffusion coefficients) used for the upscaling were taken from Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, thus connecting molecular and pore-scale simulations. We focused on effects of the pore size distribution and of the adsorbed water film on upscaled parameters. Sample-scale diffusion coefficients were clearly reduced in unsaturated samples compared to the saturated state, with less reduction when including adsorbed water films. The reduction was stronger in samples with a narrow size distribution of the interparticle pores as compared to those with a wide distribution (but equal mean size). The results follow the trends of the experimental data, even though the scale of the simulations is still clearly smaller than that of typical experiments.
Citation: T. Gimmi T., S.V.Churakov Applied ClayScience 175 (2019) 169-183
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2019.03.035 Further publications: Publications
Modelling Ra-bearing baryte nucleation/precipitation kinetics at the pore scale: application to radioactive waste disposal
Baryte is of interest to nuclear waste disposal as the main scavenger of 226Ra, a long-lived nuclide playing a major role in the safety assessment of planned disposal sites. In specific repository setups, Ba and Ra released from the nuclear waste will react with sulphate-rich pore water, potentially leading to formation of Ra-bearing baryte. Baryte has a complex kinetic behaviour and its precipitation may strongly be inhibited. Because highly supersaturated solutions may persist metastably, it can be anticipated that the migration of Ra through the repository near-field will strongly depend on parameters related to nucleation and precipitation kinetics, so that thermodynamic equilibrium calculations will not be sufficient for a reliable prediction of 226Ra mobility. In this study, we implement Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT) and a saturation-state dependent precipitation rate equation into a Lattice-Boltzmann (LB) reactive transport code to model Ra-bearing baryte precipitation within a porous medium analogous to fragmented nuclear waste glass. In the simulations, baryte precipitation is induced by counter-diffusion of BaCl2 and Na2SO4 solutions. Radium co-precipitation is taken into account by assuming a fixed partition coefficient and constant Ra concentration at the BaCl2 injection boundary. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous growth were considered. Critical CNT parameters, particularly supersaturation-dependent induction times, were calibrated against independent turbidity and X-ray absorption experiments. The model allows exploring the influence of baryte nucleation/precipitation kinetics on the partitioning of Ra between aqueous phase and solid at the pore (micrometre) scale. Our results indicate that quantitative knowledge of kinetic and nucleation parameters is essential to predict radionuclide transport towards the geosphere in nuclear waste repository systems.
Citation: E. Curti, J. Xto, C.N. Borca, K. Henzler, T. Huthwelker, N.I. Prasianakis European Journal of Mineralogy 31(2) (2019) 247-262
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1127/ejm/2019/0031-2818 Further publications: Publications
Formation of low-molecular-weight organic compounds during anoxic corrosion of zero-valent iron
Speciation of carbon during the anoxic corrosion of steel is poorly known, whereas its knowledge would be of great importance in connection with assessments of the safe disposal of 14C-containing irradiated steel in repositories for radioactive waste. The chemical form of the 14C-bearing organic compounds determines routes of migration from engineered barrier systems and their reactivity at disposal sites. Batch-type corrosion experiments with unirradiated iron powders reported in this study show for the first time that both reduced and oxidized carbon species are present in corroding iron-water systems in anoxic conditions. Methane and volatile C2–C4 alkanes and alkenes were produced during the course of corrosion whereas formate, acetate, and oxalate were released to solution in the early stage of the corrosion process. Evidence is provided that reduced and oxidized hydrocarbons were produced by two different processes. Formation of reduced hydrocarbons occurred at the surface of iron particles by a Fischer-Tropsch-type mechanism, whereas oxidized hydrocarbons were produced in the course of oxidative pretreatment of iron particles and released instantaneously from the surface in contact with alkaline solution. Results from this study have implications for safety assessments of radioactive waste disposal sites as they suggest predominant formation of alkanes and alkenes during anoxic steel corrosion and instantaneous release of only a small fraction of carbide carbon as oxidized hydrocarbons.
Citation: B.Z. Cvetković, J. Rothardt, A. Büttler, D. Kunz, G. Schlotterbeck, E. Wieland Environmental Engineering Science 35 (2018) 447-461
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2017.0216 Further publications: Publications
Quantification of dissolved organic 14C-containing compounds by accelerator mass spectrometry in a corrosion experiment with irradiated steel
Low- and intermediate-level (L/ILW) radioactive waste produced in Switzerland consists of large amounts of 14C-containing irradiated steel. 14C will be released during the anoxic corrosion of the steel in the cementitious near field of an L/ILW repository. In this study, a corrosion experiment with irradiated steel was carried out to determine the speciation of 14C released during the corrosion process in conditions similar to those anticipated in the near field of a cement-based repository. The development of the experimental setup, including installation of the reactor and development of suitable analytical methods based on compound-specific 14C analysis with accelerator mass spectrometry (CSRA AMS) is reported. Time-dependent increase in the total content of 14C-bearing organic compounds in solution (TO14C) was determined by AMS and the main organic corrosion products that are 14C bearing formate, acetate and lactate were identified by CSRA AMS after a pre-concentration step. The concentration of the 14C-bearing organic compounds was found to be very low (fmol to pmol 14C/L). Stable carbon compounds were identified and quantified while the source of stable carbon in the system has not yet been identified and the temporal evolution of the concentration of these carbon species is presently not understood.
Citation: B.Z. Cvetković, G. Salazar, D. Kunz, J. Tits, S. Szidat, E. Wieland Radiocarbon 60 (2018) 1711-1727
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2018.90 Further publications: Publications
Analysis of 14C-bearing compounds released by the corrosion of irradiated steel using accelerator mass spectrometry
The combination of ion chromatography (IC) with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) was developed to determine the speciation of 14C-(radiocarbon) bearing organic compounds in the femto to pico molar concentration range. The development of this compound-specific radiocarbon analysis (CSRA) of carboxylic acids is reported and the application of the method on a leaching solution from neutron-irradiated steel is demonstrated. The background and the dynamic range of the AMS-based method were quantified. On using 14C-labelled standards, the measurements demonstrate the repeatability of the analytical method and the reproducible recovery of the main target carboxylic acids (i.e., acetate, formate, malonate, and oxalate). The detection limit was determined to be in the mid fmol 14C per L level while the dynamic range of the analytical method covers three orders of magnitude from the low fmol to the mid pmol 14C per L level. Cross contamination was found to be negligible during IC fractionation and was accounted for during eluate processing and 14C detection by AMS. The 14C-bearing carboxylates released from an irradiated steel nut into an alkaline leaching solution were analysed using the CSRA-based analytical method with the aim to check the applicability of the approach and develop appropriate sample preparation. The concentrations of 14C-bearing formate and acetate, the main organic corrosion products, were at a low pmol 14C per L level for convenient dimensions of the alkaline leaching experiment which demonstrates that compound-specific 14C AMS is an extremely sensitive analytical method for analyzing 14C-bearing compounds. The content of total organic 14C in solution (TO14C) determined by the direct measurement of an aliquot of the leaching solution agrees well with the sum of the 14C concentrations of the individual carboxylates within the uncertainty of the data. Furthermore, the TO14C content is in good agreement with the calculated value using the corrosion rate determined from the 60Co release and the 14C inventory of the irradiated steel specimen.
Citation: B.Z. Cvetković, G. Salazar, D. Kunz, S. Szidat, E. Wieland Analyst 143 (2018) 3059-3067
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1039/c8an00237a Further publications: Publications
Multiscale modeling of ion diffusion in cement paste: electrical double layer effects
Understanding the mechanism of ion diffusion in hardened cement paste is of great importance for predicting long-term durability of concrete structures. Gel pores in calcium silicate hydrate (CeSeH) phase forms dominant pathway for transport in cement paste with low w/c ratios where the electrical double layer effects play an important role. Experimental results suggest that the effective diffusivity of chloride ions is similar as that of tritiated water (HTO) and higher than the sodium ions. This difference can be attributed to the electrical double layer near the charged CeSeH surfaces. In order to understand species transport processes in CeSeH and to quantify its effective diffusivity, a multiscale modeling technique has been proposed to combine atomic-scale and pore-scale modeling. At the pore scale, the lattice Boltzmann method is used to solve a modified Nernst Planck equation to model transport of ions in gel pores. The modified Nernst Planck equation accounts for steric and ion-ion correlation effects by using correction term for excess chemical potential computed through the results from the grand canonical Monte Carlo scheme at atomic scale and in turn bridges atomic scale model with pore scale model. Quantitative analysis of pore size influence on effective diffusivity carried out by this multiscale model shows that the contribution of the Stern layer to ion transport is not negligible for pores with diameter less than 10 nm. The developed model is able to reproduce qualitatively the trends of the diffusivity of different ions reported in literature.
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.11.008 Further publications: Publications
3 Quantum-chemical modelling of clay mineral surfaces and clay mineral–surface–adsorbate interactions (book chapter)
Atomistic simulations provide insight into the crystal structure of minerals, surfaces, and mineral-fluid interaction mechanisms. Such modelling has been successfully applied to better understand structural, thermodynamic, and transport properties of clay minerals, the thermodynamics of ions adsorption, and clay mineral surface reactivity at an atomic scale. In principle, quantum mechanics- based modelling allows system description without use of any empirical system-dependent parameters. In practice, however, the complete quantum mechanical description of the condensed matter is only feasible for small systems containing few atoms, due to the limitations of currently available computational resources. Therefore, the simulations of complex reactive processes rely on a number of approximations at different levels of theory. These approximations are chosen as a compromise between the computational accuracy and the ability to include the relevant chemical processes.
This chapter starts with a short overview of the methods of quantum chemistry currently applied to the simulations of clay minerals. Theoretical equations are intentionally excluded. The focus is on the physical rationale behind the methods, assumptions applied, and their consequences for the interpretation of the results. For the theoretical details of the methods, the reader is directed to the specialized text books and review articles provided as references. The second part of the chapter deals with the applications. The chapter starts with the description of the bulk crystal structure, continues with the structural properties of the surfaces and surface-fluid interfaces, and concludes with thermodynamic and structural aspects of adsorption.
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102432-4.00003-2 Further publications: Publications
5 Adsorption of heavy metals including radionuclides (book chapter)
Clay minerals are important adsorbents in soils and sediments for hazardous contaminants in the environment. A whole variety of adsorption models for clay minerals has been developed over the past few decades. In the first part of this chapter, a brief overview of existing models describing cation exchange and surface complexation is presented. The second part presents for a large number of heavy metals and radionuclides exhibiting oxidation states from + I to + VI experimental adsorption data onto montmorillonite (Mt) and illite. A quasimechanistic nonelectrostatic adsorption model is applied to describe quantitatively the uptake of these elements over a broad pH, background electrolyte, and adsorbate concentration range. In the third part, special focus is put on the adsorption behaviour of iron on Mt. Wherever possible, a multidisciplinary approach is followed, whereby the wet chemistry studies are complemented by modelling and spectroscopic investigations with the aim of validating the underlying assumptions in the adsorption model.
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102432-4.00005-6 Further publications: Publications
Carbonate dissolution mechanisms in the presence of electrolytes revealed by grand canonical and kinetic Monte Carlo modeling
Dissolution of carbonate minerals is a complex multistep process, characterized by the particular sequence of steps dependent on pH and background electrolyte concentration. Currently, available dissolution models for carbonates do not consider dependence of the surface speciation on the local surface topography. We have developed a new approach combining grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) and kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) methods to investigate the influence of water pH and electrolyte concentration onto processes of surface charging and dissolution of carbonates. GCMC simulations of the calcite−electrolyte system are used to calculate populations of protonated sites. We consider two basic speciation models characterized by different spatial charge distributions at the surface: “ionic”, where surface >CO32− sites are represented by “−2” charges at the corresponding lattice positions; and “oxygen”, where surface >CO32− sites are represented by triplets of “−2/3” charges at the positions of oxygen atoms. The speciation of carbonate ion protonation probabilities is found to be controlled by local charge densities and the presence of electrolyte species. In all simulation results, protonation affinity of the surface >CO32− sites followed the trend kink (most acidic) > step > terrace (least acidic), with the same trend observed with respect to adsorption probabilities of Cl− ions. The influence of protonated site concentrations obtained in GCMC simulations was investigated in KMC simulations. The direct comparison of simulated and experimental data showed that the oxygen model, with an assumption of congruent dissolution, reproduces both the pH dependence of the calcite dissolution rate and the morphology of the calcite surface. On the basis of the considered model, we could identify four key factors that define pH-dependent dissolution mechanisms of calcite: (1) increase of the kink site propagation rate at pH < 10; (2) increase of kink site generation frequency at pH 4−7; (3) increase of monolayer pit generation frequency at pH = 2−4; and (4) acceleration of kink site propagation and generation at pH 2−4 due to the second protonation step. The combined GCMC + KMC approach shows great potential in resolving surface speciation of carbonates as functions of solvent composition and surface geometry and their influence on the dissolution mechanisms and rates. Generally, this approach could potentially be applied to any other mineral−fluid system.
Publication: https://doi.org/10.2475/09.2018.03 Further publications: Publications
Review of the current status and challenges for a holistic process-based description of mass transport and mineral reactivity in porous media
Reactivity of minerals is controlled by chemical processes at mineral- fluid interfaces acting at different time- and length scales. Various modeling approaches are available to characterize scale-specific aspects of mineral-fluid interface chemistry. Most fundamental aspects of mineral reactivity are provided by atomic scale simulations. Several attempts have been made to interpret macroscopic observation based on atomic scale simulations alone. Many of them have failed however, because of neglecting the pore scale transport phenomena. Pore scale simulation, provide an elegant way to link idealized nanometer scale atomistic description of mineral reactivity with structural and compositional heterogeneities of natural systems. The main challenges are the spatial and temporal coupling of physical models and the upscaling of transport parameters for the macroscopic interpretation of the system behavior. This paper summarizes the current molecular-scale knowledge on mineral-fluid inter- face chemistry, obtained from complementary coarse-grain simulation approaches. Using the most recent developments in this field, we highlight the complexity and challenges of the pore-scale modeling and suggest a roadmap for the process-based description of mineral dissolution/precipitation across different scales.
Publication: https://doi.org/10.2475/09.2018.03 Further publications: Publications
The diffusion of SO42- in Opalinus Clay: Measurements of effective diffusion coefficients and evaluation of their importance in view of microbial mediated reactions in the near field of radioactive waste repositories
Through-diffusion experiments with 36Cl-, 35SO42− and HTO in Opalinus Clay (OPA) samples from a deep borehole in North-East Switzerland (Benken; BE) have been performed. The effect of burial depth on the experimental results has been investigated. It could be shown that the effective diffusion coefficients decrease with sample depth for all three tracers. Moreover, there was a good correlation with the texture of the samples. The diffusion coefficients for HTO are the largest (De = 5.4–8.8 × 10−12 m2 s−1), followed by those for 36Cl- (De = 0.7–1.9 × 10−12 m2 s−1), and finally 35SO42− (De = 0.2–0.6 × 10−12 m2 s−1). 36Cl- was partially excluded from the total porosity resulting in an accessible porosity smaller than the total porosity (εCl = 0.041–0.064). 35SO42−, on the other hand, showed interaction with OPA resulting in a capacity factor (α) larger than the total porosity (εtot = 0.13–0.16). Using extended Archie's law the accessible porosity for 35SO42− was estimated between 0.013 and 0.030. This enabled to evaluate the sorption coefficient of 35SO42− from the measured capacity factor, resulting in values of Kd between 6 × 10−5 and 9 × 10−5 m3 kg−1.
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.05.009 Further publications: Publications
A comparative anion diffusion study on different argillaceous, low permeability sedimentary rocks with various pore waters
Through-diffusion experiments with tritiated water (HTO) and 36Cl- as a function of pore water concentration (0.01–5 M) were performed on two Ordovician-age argillaceous rock samples from the Blue Mountain Fm and Queenston Fm shales of the Paleozoic intracratonic Michigan Basin in Canada. This study reveals that the effect of ionic strength on the anion-transport porosity is similar, and only the minimal anion excluded porosity is higher in the Blue Mountain Fm shale. The differences in rock sample mineralogy cannot explain this effect. It is hypothesized that the structure of the Blue Mountain Fm shale samples has led to pore space openings suffi- ciently small that they behave as interlayers. Such pores are defined as interlayer equivalent (ILE) pores. These ILE pores, as in the case of interlayer pores, can act to permanently limit the anion-accessible porosity. Pore-size distribution measurements provide further evidence of increased potential for ILE pores within the Blue Mountain Fm samples. A Donnan model, which includes consideration of both ILE and uncharged pores, is shown to describe the effect of molar concentration on the anion-accessible porosity in the argillaceous rocks investigated.
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.02.009 Further publications: Publications
The influence of small pores on the anion transport properties of natural argillaceous rocks – A pore size distribution investigation of Opalinus Clay and Helvetic Marl
The pore size distribution of two natural argillaceous rock samples, Opalinus Clay (OPA) and Helvetic Marl (HM) was investigated with five different methods: NMR, NMR cryoporometry, mercury intrusion porosimetry and CO2 adsorption, as well as N2 adsorption. Due to different physical principles of these methods different ranges of pore width could be detected, from micropores (< 2 nm) to mesopores (2–50 nm) and macropores (> 50 nm). The aim was to shed light on the role of small pores on the transport properties of natural ar- gillaceous rocks, in particular to explain the differences of anion diffusion in the two argillaceous rock sam- ples. Knowing that Helvetic Marl exhibits a stronger anion exclusion than Opalinus Clay it was hypothesized that HM (with its smaller phyllosilicate and smectite content compared to OPA) has more interlayer equivalent (ILE) pores than OPA. ILE pores are defined as pores so narrow (< 0.5 nm) that diffuse double layers, formed at negatively charged surfaces, are overlapping. Accordingly, ILE pores behave similarly as interlayer pores and may block the anion diffusion. This study could not confirm the hypothesis that HM has more ILE pores. Similar pores size distributions were determined for both materials, even with a tendency of a larger fraction of small pores in OPA as compared to HM. However, all methods have limitations in the range of very small (nm) pores.
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2018.01.032 Further publications: Publications
Effect of the pore water composition on the diffusive anion transport in argillaceous, low permeability sedimentary rocks
The effect of the pore water composition on the diffusive anion transport was studied for two different argillaceous, low permeability sedimentary rocks, Opalinus Clay (OPA) and Helvetic Marl (HM). The samples were saturated with different solutions with varying molar concentration and different main cations in the solution: NaCl based pore solutions and CaCl2 based pore solutions. The total porosity was measured by through-diffusion experiments with the neutral tracer HTO. Experiments performed in NaCl solutions resulted in a porosity of 0.12 for OPA and 0.03 for HM, and are consistent with results of the experiments in CaCl2 solutions. The total porosity was independent of the molar concentration, in contrast to the measured anion porosity, which increased with increasing molar concentration. It could further be observed that the pore solution based on the bivalent cation calcium shielded the negative surface charge stronger than the monovalent cation sodium, resulting in a larger measureable anion-accessible porosity in the case of CaCl2 solutions. The data was modelled based on an adapted Donnan approach of Birgersson and Karnland (2009). The model had to be adjusted with a permanent free, uncharged porosity, as well as with structural information on the permanent anion exclusion because of so-called bottleneck pores. Both parameters can only be evaluated from experiments. Nevertheless, taking these two adaptions into account, the effect of varying pore water compositions on the anion-accessible porosity of the investigated argillaceous rocks could be satisfactorily described.
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.05.001 Further publications: Publications
Simulating Donnan equilibria based on the Nernst-Planck equation
Understanding ion transport through clays and clay membranes is important for many geochemical and environmental applications. Ion transport is affected by electrostatic forces exerted by charged clay surfaces. Anions are partly excluded from pore water near these surfaces, whereas cations are enriched. Such effects can be modeled by the Donnan approach. Here we introduce a new, comparatively simple way to represent Donnan equilibria in transport simulations. We include charged surfaces as immobile ions in the balance equation and calculate coupled transport of all components, including the immobile charges, with the Nernst-Planck equation. This results in an additional diffusion potential that influences ion transport, leading to Donnan ion distributions while maintaining local charge balance. The validity of our new approach was demonstrated by comparing Nernst-Planck simulations using the reactive transport code Flotran with analytical solutions available for simple Donnan systems. Attention has to be paid to the numerical evaluation of the electrochemical migration term in the Nernst-Planck equation to obtain correct results for asymmetric electrolytes. Sensitivity simulations demonstrate the influence of various Donnan model parameters on simulated anion accessible porosities. It is furthermore shown that the salt diffusion coefficient in a Donnan pore depends on local concentrations, in contrast to the aqueous salt diffusion coefficient. Our approach can be easily implemented into other transport codes. It is versatile and facilitates, for instance, assessing the implications of different activity models for the Donnan porosity.
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.04.003 Further publications: Publications
Retention of selenium by calcium aluminate hydrate (AFm) phases under strongly-reducing radioactive waste repository conditions
Safety assessment studies of future nuclear waste repositories carried out in many countries predict selenium-79 to be a critical radionuclide due to its presence as anions in three relevant oxidation states (VI, IV, -II) resulting in weak retardation by most common rock minerals. This assumption, however, ignores its potential uptake by AFm phases, positively charged anion exchangers, which are present in significant quantities in the cementitious materials used in artificial barriers. Here we report for the first time wet chemistry and spectroscopic data on the interaction of the most relevant selenium anion species under the expected strongly reducing conditions, i.e. HSe-, with two AFm phases commonly found in cement, monocarbonate (AFm-MC) and hemicarbonate (AFm-HC). Batch sorption experiments showed that HSe- is retained much more strongly by AFm-HC (solid-liquid distribution ratio, Rd, of 100±50 L kg-1) than by AFm-MC (Rd = 4±2 L kg-1) at the equilibrium pH (~12). X-ray absorption fine-structure (XAFS) spectroscopy revealed that the larger d-spacing in AFm-HC (d-spacing = 8.2 Å) provides easy access for HSe- to the AFm interlayer space for sorption, whereas the smaller d-spacing of AFm-MC (d-spacing = 7.55 Å) hinders interlayer access and limits HSe- sorption mostly to the outer planar surfaces and edges of the latter AFm phase. XAFS spectra further demonstrated that Se(-II) prevalently sorbed in the interlayers of AFm-HC, is better protected from oxidation than Se(-II) prevalently sorbed onto the outer surfaces of AFm-MC. The quantitative sorption data along with the molecular-scale process understanding obtained from this study provide crucial insight into the Se retention by the cementitious near-field of a radioactive waste repository under reducing conditions.
Publication: http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C7DT04824F Further publications: Publications
Transport of low molecular weight organic compounds in compacted illite and kaolinite
14C-containing dissolved organic compounds may significantly contribute to the calculated annual overall dose emanated from a deep geological repository for radioactive waste. To date, there is a general lack of knowledge concerning the transport behaviour of low molecular weight organic compounds in the geosphere. The present work is aiming at a generic approach to measure weak adsorption of such compounds onto selected clay minerals. Percolation experiments were employed to sensitively measure the retardation of low molecular weight carboxylates and alcohols in compacted illite and kaolinite as a function of the ionic strength. Detection limits of ~10-5m3kg-1 for the involved sorption distribution coefficients were attained thereby. The adsorption of alcohols on clays was near the detection limit and assumed to occur predominately via H-bonding. The adsorption of organic anions was influenced by several factors such as molecular structure, type of clay surfaces and the chemical composition of the aqueous phase. It was found that the relative position of neighbouring hydroxyl groups strongly influ- enced the retardation behaviour. Alpha-hydroxylated carboxylates, such as lactate, were found to be most retarded. Ligand exchange at the edge aluminol sites is the most probable explanation for the uptake of the negatively charged organic test compounds by the clay surface. The breakthrough behaviour of organic anions was additionally impacted by anion exclusion in illite. The demonstrated weak retardation of the test compounds can be robustly introduced in transport models, leading thus to a much lower contribution of 14C to the expected long-term overall dose.
Publication: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.137 Further publications: Publications
An internally consistent thermodynamic dataset for aqueous species in the system Ca-Mg-Na-K-Al-Si-O-H-C-Cl to 800 ˚C and 5 kbar
An internally consistent thermodynamic dataset for aqueous species in the system Ca-Mg-Na-K-Al-Si-O-H-C-Cl was generated using the thermodynamic database for minerals of Holland and Powell (1998; updated Thermocalc dataset ds55). This dataset makes it possible to perform geochemical and reactive transport modeling with high levels of accuracy and reliability.
The stability of major aqueous complexes at elevated temperatures and pressures was constrained using selected reaction constant data (for example plot A and B). The Gibbs energy of formation of aqueous ions and complexes was simultaneously optimized with GEMSFITS against a large selection of solubility experiments over a wide range of conditions, taking the standard properties of minerals (unmodified) from the Holland and Powell internally consistent database (for example, plot C). The resulting thermodynamic dataset is consistent with the complex formation data, with the mineral solubility experiments, and with the standard properties of minerals from Holland and Powell database. The internally consistent dataset can be used to model natural fluid-rock interaction (for example, plot D).
Comparison of calculated and measured experimental data for: (A) the stability constant of HCO3- as function of pressure at temperatures of 55, 150 and 250 °C; (B) the association constant of CaCl+ as function of temperature at saturated water vapor pressure; (C) calcite solubility in NaCl solutions at 400 °C; (D) log(Ca/Mg) molar ratios from sedimentary fluids in equilibrium with calcite and disordered dolomite, at temperatures of 50 to 150 °C and at saturated water vapor pressure.
Publication: http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/07.2017.01 Further publications: Publications
Deciphering pore-level precipitation mechanisms
Mineral precipitation and dissolution in aqueous solutions has a significant effect on solute transport and structural properties of porous media. The understanding of the involved physical mechanisms, which cover a large range of spatial and temporal scales, plays a key role in several geochemical and industrial processes. Here, by coupling pore scale reactive transport simulations with classical nucleation theory, we demonstrate how the interplay between homogeneous and heterogeneous precipitation kinetics along with the non-linear dependence on solute concentration affects the evolution of the system. Such phenomena are usually neglected in pure macroscopic modelling. Comprehensive parametric analysis and comparison with laboratory experiments confirm that incorporation of detailed microscale physical processes in the models is compulsory. This sheds light on the inherent coupling mechanisms and bridges the gap between atomistic processes and macroscopic observations.
Publication: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14142-0 Further publications: Publications