Infrared spectroscopy allows for the identification of adsorbates, their behavior and reactivity. | Raman spectroscopy is suitable to uncover the vibrational structure of metal oxides and adsorbates.
| UV-Visible spectroscopy probes electronic transitions delivering information on the oxidation state and coordination environment.
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X-ray absorption spectroscopy is an element-specific technique for investigation of the local geometric and electronic structure.
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X-ray emission spectroscopy is an element- and site-specific technique probing occupied electronic states. |
Small-angle X-ray scattering delivers information on morphology, particle size distribution and microstructure. |
| X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy allows the identification of chemical and electronic states of materials. | X-ray diffraction identifies the crystallographic structure, the chemical composition and the crystallite size of materials. |