Texture and residual stress evolution during 3D printing

This research examines the evolution of residual stresses and textures in 2205 duplex stainless steel manufactured using LPBF. Neutron diffraction experiments, conducted in situ and in real time, revealed the redistribution of residual stresses during the addition of layers and the formation of strong crystallographic textures across the sample. A cube texture, strongly influenced by local thermal history, was found to affect residual stress measurements, emphasizing the need for orientation-dependent elastic constants in stress calculations.

The study identified that the redistribution of residual stresses occurs primarily during the early stages of the build, with the most significant changes taking place in the first set of added layers. Variations in texture intensity across the sample were attributed to differences in local temperature history, which were derived from real-time strain measurements.

By integrating neutron diffraction and Bragg-edge imaging, this work demonstrates the potential of combining additive manufacturing with advanced characterization techniques to provide a deeper understanding of stress and texture evolution. The findings pave the way for further exploration of bulk material behavior during 3D printing and validate the use of neutron methods for studying additive manufacturing processes.