Aerosol formation in clouds

Aerosols, a mixture of solid or liquid particles suspended in the air, play an important role in Earth's climate.  Aerosols originate either from natural or human sources. They influence Earth's radiation balance by interacting with sunlight and forming clouds. However, their effect remains the single most significant uncertainty in climate models.

One substance that is very common in the atmosphere is isoprene, an organic compound whose reactions in the gas phase are relatively well understood.  Isoprene is given off by trees and can produce aerosols when it is oxidised. How isoprene and its reaction products react in cloud droplets is still largely unknown. That's why researchers at the Paul Scherrer Institute PSI have used a type of flow reactor with wetted walls, together with the most advanced mass spectrometers, to investigate what could be happening chemically inside clouds for the first time under atmospherically relevant conditions.

"Our experimental setup allows us for the first time to precisely investigate the distribution of organic vapours at the air-water interface under near-environmental conditions," says Houssni Lamkaddam, a researcher in the Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry at PSI. "With our apparatus, we can now simulate what happens in clouds."

What exactly happens in clouds?

In the special apparatus, a so-called wetting reactor, a thin film of water is maintained on the inside of a quartz tube. A gas mixture containing, among other substances, isoprene, ozone, and so-called hydroxyl radicals is fed into the glass cylinder. UV lamps are installed around the glass cylinder to simulate daylight conditions for some of the experiments.

Using this setup, the researchers found that up to 70 percent of the isoprene oxidation products can be dissolved in the water film. The subsequent aqueous oxidation of the dissolved species produces substantial amounts of secondary organic aerosols. On the basis of these analyses, they calculated that the chemical reactions that take place in clouds are responsible for up to 20 percent of the secondary organic aerosols on a global scale.

"This is another important contribution to a better understanding of the processes in the atmosphere," sums up Urs Baltensperger, scientific head of the Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry at PSI. Earth's radiation balance is a very important factor in the entire climate process and thus also in climate change. "And aerosols play a crucial role in this," says the atmospheric scientist. While aerosols form cloud droplets, this research shows that clouds can also form aerosols through the aqueous chemistry of organic vapours, a process that is well known with regard to sulfate aerosols but here is also shown for the organic fraction. This new experimental setup, developed at PSI, opens up the possibility of investigating aerosol formation in clouds under near-atmospheric conditions so that these processes can ultimately be included in climate models.

Text: Paul Scherrer Institute/Sebastian Jutzi

About PSI

The Paul Scherrer Institute PSI develops, builds and operates large, complex research facilities and makes them available to the national and international research community. The institute's own key research priorities are in the fields of matter and materials, energy and environment and human health. PSI is committed to the training of future generations. Therefore about one quarter of our staff are post-docs, post-graduates or apprentices. Altogether PSI employs 2100 people, thus being the largest research institute in Switzerland. The annual budget amounts to approximately CHF 400 million. PSI is part of the ETH Domain, with the other members being the two Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology, ETH Zurich and EPFL Lausanne, as well as Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology), Empa (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology) and WSL (Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research). (Last updated in May 2020)